Density-dependent ARTs Analysis
Sarah P. Flanagan
24 October, 2018
The purpose of this model is to understand how genetic architectures of alternative reproductive tactics impact their maintenance in populations. I’m using an individual-based simulation model with different selection scenarios, types of alternative tactics, and genetic architectures (genome-wide additive genetic variance, supergenes, expression networks).
Overview of the model
Males can be courters or not-courters and parents or not-parents. When the model is run with both traits, this results in four possible morphs: courter/parent, courter/not-parent, not-courter/parent, and not-courter/not-parent. Generations are non-overlapping and there is one reproductive bout per generation. In each generation, the population follows the following timeline:
1. Choosing a nest
A female samples 50 males and chooses a male to nest with based on his courtship trait. If there are no courtship traits in the model, she chooses based on the male’s parental trait. If she does not encouter an acceptable male, she does not nest. If she encounters multiple equally-acceptable males, she randomly selects one of them.
2. Fertilization
Once a female decides to nest, up to three males can fertilize the nest. Courters and parental males can contribute more sperm than non-courter and non-parental males: \(r_{courter}=r_{parent}=8\) and \(r_{non-courter}=r_{non-parent}=4\). A courter/non-parent has \(r_{non-parent}\) and a non-courter/parent has \(r_{parent}\). The male with whom the female is nesting gets \(r_{parent}/\Sigma{n_{sperm}}\) and additional non-parental males (up to 2) get \((r_{non-parent}*0.5/\Sigma{n_{sperm}})\), where \(\Sigma{n_{sperm}}\) is the total number of sperm contributed by all of the males, weighted by the sperm competition factor (0.5 is the default for all males except the nesting male). So, when a female mates with one courter and two non-parentals, \(\Sigma{n_{sperm}}\) = \(r_{courter}\) + 2\(*\)(0.5\(*\)\(r_{sneaker}\)), where \(r_{courter}\) = 8 and \(r_{sneaker}\) = 4, therefore \(\Sigma{n_{sperm}}\) = 12.
That being said, every time a male mates he uses his sperm, so after one mating where a courter fertilizes 50% of the female’s 4 eggs, he only has 6 sperm for his next mating.
3. Nest Survival
Before the babies can survive, the nest has to survive. This step is only relevant when parental traits are in the model - if only the courtship trait is specified, then all progeny in the nest survive at this point. When males have the parental trait, if the female has given eggs to a non-parental male (because she chose based on courtship traits), then the nest has a 10% chance of surviving. If the female has given eggs to a parental male, the nest has a 90% chance of surviving.
4. Density-dependent survival
Once the identities of the surviving nests are known–along with the identities of the parents, including sneaker parents–the offspring are created in the simulation. The offspring are created to fill the full carrying capacity of the population, with the numbers per nest being equally divided among all surviving offspring. This allows the population to maintain a constant population size (prior to viability selection) while maintaining the relative successes of the given genotypes/morphs.
5. Viability selection
Before becoming adults, the offspring experience viability selection. Courters and parental males are disfavored in viability selection, with a survival probability of 0.9950125. If an individual is both a courter and a parental male, the survival probability is 0.9900498. Non-courters and non-parental males have survival probabilities of 1.
Evaluating equilibrium
After 10000 generations, I begin tracking the change in frequency of the courter and parent traits, and do so for 2000 additional generations. I calculate the variance in the change in frequency over those 2000 generations. I declare an equilibrium (‘stasis’) has been reached if the last change in frequency of both traits is less than the variance in changes in frequency.
Unlinked additive genetic variance
In these cases, the traits are encoded by a number (50) of loci, whose alleles contribute additively to determine the trait value. These alleles are all freely recombining and are not adhered to any physical genomic location (aka this is a classical quantitative genetics approach). The overall trait value is compared to a population-level threshold (which is static, in these cases), and if the trait value is above the threshold the male takes the parent or courter morph and if it is below he does not. Below, I’m showing the results from 10 replicates of each scenario.
Courter trait
Females choose nests based on whether the male is a courter or not, and they all prefer courters all of the time (the female preference does not have a genetic basis and does not evolve). The only way that non-courters produce offspring is through sneaking, but all males can be sneakers (both courters and non-courters). Because parental care is not incorporated in this model, all nests survive.
Frequency of the courter morph (each color represents a different replicate)
Of the 20 replicates, 0 reached an equilibrium by 10000 generations.
| CourterFreq | CourterW | NonCourterW | |
|---|---|---|---|
| courter_unlinked_1_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.05590 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_1_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 2.01417 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_1_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 1.94737 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_1_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 1.95088 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_2_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.07500 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_2_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 2.01826 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_2_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 2.00402 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_2_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 1.95669 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_3_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.01623 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_3_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 2.17211 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_3_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 1.92100 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_3_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 2.08142 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_4_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.02236 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_4_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 2.08595 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_4_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 1.96647 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_4_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 2.08159 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_5_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 1.96443 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_5_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 1.97610 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_5_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 1.93023 | 0 |
| courter_unlinked_5_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 2.04294 | 0 |
Parental trait
All females nest with parental males, so the only way non-parental males reproduce is through sneaking. Parental males provide care that allows nests to have a 90% chance of survival. The female preference does not have a genetic basis and does not evolve.
Frequency of parent morph (each color represents a different replicate)
| ParentFreq | ParentW | NonParentW | |
|---|---|---|---|
| parent_unlinked_1_summary.txt_1 | 0.569288 | 1.38158 | 0.452174 |
| parent_unlinked_1_summary.txt_2 | 0.562753 | 1.52878 | 0.268519 |
| parent_unlinked_1_summary.txt_3 | 0.558935 | 1.34014 | 0.267241 |
| parent_unlinked_1_summary.txt_4 | 0.540797 | 1.31579 | 0.181818 |
| parent_unlinked_2_summary.txt_1 | 0.878486 | 1.58957 | 0.786885 |
| parent_unlinked_2_summary.txt_2 | 0.913725 | 1.66953 | 1.090910 |
| parent_unlinked_2_summary.txt_3 | 0.874747 | 1.68129 | 0.467742 |
| parent_unlinked_2_summary.txt_4 | 0.847561 | 1.71942 | 0.560000 |
| parent_unlinked_3_summary.txt_1 | 0.556936 | 1.59480 | 0.411215 |
| parent_unlinked_3_summary.txt_2 | 0.521472 | 1.55686 | 0.423077 |
| parent_unlinked_3_summary.txt_3 | 0.590164 | 1.55208 | 0.240000 |
| parent_unlinked_3_summary.txt_4 | 0.607438 | 1.52721 | 0.368421 |
| parent_unlinked_4_summary.txt_1 | 0.587771 | 1.53691 | 0.263158 |
| parent_unlinked_4_summary.txt_2 | 0.581349 | 1.58703 | 0.436019 |
| parent_unlinked_4_summary.txt_3 | 0.511905 | 1.37597 | 0.284553 |
| parent_unlinked_4_summary.txt_4 | 0.594961 | 1.36156 | 0.334928 |
| parent_unlinked_5_summary.txt_1 | 0.595057 | 1.45687 | 0.323944 |
| parent_unlinked_5_summary.txt_2 | 0.518219 | 1.44922 | 0.386555 |
| parent_unlinked_5_summary.txt_3 | 0.475410 | 1.46552 | 0.363281 |
| parent_unlinked_5_summary.txt_4 | 0.584980 | 1.43243 | 0.290476 |
Variation was maintained in 20 of the 20. 0 of the 20 populations crashed, though. Of the 20 replicates, 20 reached an equilibrium by 10000 generations.
Courtship and Parental Traits
Females choose nests based on males’ courtship trait (they all only nest with courting males, and the female preference does not have a genetic basis and does not evolve), and then the survival of the nest depends on whether the courting male is also a parental male. If the chosen male is a parental male, the nest has a 90% chance of survival. Otherwise, it only has a 10% chance. Non-courters only reproduce through sneaking.
The different runs have different outcomes.
Let’s look at the morph frequencies.
Frequency of the 4 morphs in each rep
In some of the runs the population crashed after few generations. This is obvious when looking at the the final frequencies in a table as well:
| Generation | CourterThresh | CourterFreq | CourterW | NonCourterW | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| parent-courter_unlinked_1_summary.txt_1 | 361 | -0.3606110 | 0.566667 | 0.235294 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_1_summary.txt_2 | 361 | -0.3606110 | 1.000000 | 0.000000 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_1_summary.txt_3 | 361 | -0.3606110 | 0.729730 | 0.148148 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_1_summary.txt_4 | 360 | -0.3606110 | 1.000000 | 3.000000 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_2_summary.txt_1 | 1170 | -0.0016371 | 0.750000 | 0.904762 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_2_summary.txt_2 | 150 | -0.0016371 | 0.750000 | 0.000000 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_2_summary.txt_3 | 1170 | -0.0016371 | 0.916667 | 0.318182 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_2_summary.txt_4 | 1169 | -0.0016371 | 1.000000 | 1.500000 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_3_summary.txt_1 | 348 | -0.4853490 | 1.000000 | 0.000000 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_3_summary.txt_2 | 815 | -0.4853490 | 0.500000 | 4.000000 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_3_summary.txt_3 | 815 | -0.4853490 | 1.000000 | 0.000000 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_3_summary.txt_4 | 815 | -0.4853490 | 1.000000 | 0.666667 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_4_summary.txt_1 | 572 | -1.2749400 | 0.500000 | 0.319277 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_4_summary.txt_2 | 572 | -1.2749400 | 0.694444 | 0.280000 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_4_summary.txt_3 | 366 | -1.2749400 | 1.000000 | 0.000000 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_4_summary.txt_4 | 571 | -1.2749400 | 1.000000 | 4.000000 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_5_summary.txt_1 | 11999 | -0.1447760 | 0.559471 | 0.299213 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_5_summary.txt_2 | 11999 | -0.1447760 | 0.550661 | 0.377510 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_5_summary.txt_3 | 11999 | -0.1447760 | 0.564482 | 0.370787 | 0 |
| parent-courter_unlinked_5_summary.txt_4 | 11999 | -0.1447760 | 0.559072 | 0.524528 | 0 |
Multiple morphs are maintained in 20 of the 20 replicates, and those morphs contain either a parent or a courter. However, 16 of those reps with variation actually crashed.
Linked additive genetic variance
Courter trait
Frequency of the courter morph with linked QTLs (each color represents a different replicate)
Of the 20 replicates, 0 reached an equilibrium by 10000 generations.
| CourterFreq | CourterW | NonCourterW | |
|---|---|---|---|
| courter_linked_1_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 1.98020 | 0 |
| courter_linked_1_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 2.10526 | 0 |
| courter_linked_1_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 1.95695 | 0 |
| courter_linked_1_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 2.07469 | 0 |
| courter_linked_2_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 1.96640 | 0 |
| courter_linked_2_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 2.03265 | 0 |
| courter_linked_2_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 2.06198 | 0 |
| courter_linked_2_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 1.96647 | 0 |
| courter_linked_3_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.01613 | 0 |
| courter_linked_3_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 1.98020 | 0 |
| courter_linked_3_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 1.96464 | 0 |
| courter_linked_3_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 1.95695 | 0 |
| courter_linked_4_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.07724 | 0 |
| courter_linked_4_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 2.00401 | 0 |
| courter_linked_4_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 1.97610 | 0 |
| courter_linked_4_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 2.08386 | 0 |
| courter_linked_5_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 1.91154 | 0 |
| courter_linked_5_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 1.92486 | 0 |
| courter_linked_5_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 1.96260 | 0 |
| courter_linked_5_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 1.99599 | 0 |
Every rep has the courtship trait go to fixation.
Parental trait
All females nest with parental males, so the only way non-parental males reproduce is through sneaking. Parental males provide care that allows nests to have a 90% chance of survival. The female preference does not have a genetic basis and does not evolve.
Frequency of parent morph with linked QTLs (each color represents a different replicate)
| ParentFreq | ParentW | NonParentW | |
|---|---|---|---|
| parent_linked_1_summary.txt_1 | 0.833689 | 1.81841 | 0.705128 |
| parent_linked_1_summary.txt_2 | 0.857143 | 1.59111 | 0.626667 |
| parent_linked_1_summary.txt_3 | 0.801158 | 1.62651 | 0.533981 |
| parent_linked_1_summary.txt_4 | 0.832990 | 1.67822 | 0.716049 |
| parent_linked_2_summary.txt_1 | 0.802444 | 1.59391 | 0.587629 |
| parent_linked_2_summary.txt_2 | 0.805447 | 1.58454 | 0.540000 |
| parent_linked_2_summary.txt_3 | 0.795203 | 1.41995 | 0.369369 |
| parent_linked_2_summary.txt_4 | 0.775194 | 1.54250 | 0.543103 |
| parent_linked_3_summary.txt_1 | 0.901840 | 1.74603 | 0.625000 |
| parent_linked_3_summary.txt_2 | 0.881497 | 1.75000 | 0.824561 |
| parent_linked_3_summary.txt_3 | 0.866667 | 1.78125 | 0.921875 |
| parent_linked_3_summary.txt_4 | 0.878486 | 1.75057 | 0.967213 |
| parent_linked_4_summary.txt_1 | 0.820619 | 1.64824 | 0.655172 |
| parent_linked_4_summary.txt_2 | 0.846774 | 1.64524 | 0.763158 |
| parent_linked_4_summary.txt_3 | 0.834343 | 1.69249 | 0.451220 |
| parent_linked_4_summary.txt_4 | 0.846743 | 1.58371 | 0.375000 |
| parent_linked_5_summary.txt_1 | 0.839757 | 1.67874 | 0.405063 |
| parent_linked_5_summary.txt_2 | 0.817822 | 1.64407 | 0.434783 |
| parent_linked_5_summary.txt_3 | 0.810811 | 1.57619 | 0.357143 |
| parent_linked_5_summary.txt_4 | 0.823748 | 1.66892 | 0.663158 |
Variation was maintained in 20 of the 20. 0 of the 20 populations crashed, though. Of the 20 replicates, 20 reached an equilibrium by 10000 generations.
Courtship and Parental Traits
Females choose nests based on males’ courtship trait (they all only nest with courting males, and the female preference does not have a genetic basis and does not evolve), and then the survival of the nest depends on whether the courting male is also a parental male. If the chosen male is a parental male, the nest has a 90% chance of survival. Otherwise, it only has a 10% chance. Non-courters only reproduce through sneaking.
Frequency of the two morphs with linked QTLs (courter = green, parent = blue)
The different runs have different outcomes.
Let’s look at the morph frequencies.
Frequency of the 4 morphs in each rep with linked QTLs
In some of the runs the population crashed after few generations. This is obvious when looking at the the final frequencies in a table as well:
| Generation | CourterThresh | CourterFreq | CourterW | NonCourterW | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| parent-courter_linked_1_summary.txt_1 | 11999 | 0.205997 | 0.570577 | 0.296167 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_1_summary.txt_2 | 11999 | 0.205997 | 0.575397 | 0.393103 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_1_summary.txt_3 | 11999 | 0.205997 | 0.578431 | 0.372881 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_1_summary.txt_4 | 11999 | 0.205997 | 0.574468 | 0.363636 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_2_summary.txt_1 | 11999 | 0.453996 | 0.586433 | 0.384328 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_2_summary.txt_2 | 11999 | 0.453996 | 0.625000 | 0.380000 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_2_summary.txt_3 | 11999 | 0.453996 | 0.581609 | 0.545455 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_2_summary.txt_4 | 11999 | 0.453996 | 0.610778 | 0.254902 | 0.0153846 |
| parent-courter_linked_3_summary.txt_1 | 11999 | -0.248380 | 0.898000 | 1.870820 | 0.9803920 |
| parent-courter_linked_3_summary.txt_2 | 11999 | -0.248380 | 0.918580 | 1.847730 | 1.1794900 |
| parent-courter_linked_3_summary.txt_3 | 11999 | -0.248380 | 0.901031 | 1.823800 | 1.0833300 |
| parent-courter_linked_3_summary.txt_4 | 11999 | -0.248380 | 0.878558 | 1.753780 | 1.0781200 |
| parent-courter_linked_4_summary.txt_1 | 11999 | -0.851940 | 0.570039 | 0.532423 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_4_summary.txt_2 | 11999 | -0.851940 | 0.576471 | 0.445578 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_4_summary.txt_3 | 11999 | -0.851940 | 0.596078 | 0.322368 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_4_summary.txt_4 | 11999 | -0.851940 | 0.573413 | 0.429066 | 0.0000000 |
| parent-courter_linked_5_summary.txt_1 | 11999 | 1.818740 | 0.898969 | 1.827980 | 0.8979590 |
| parent-courter_linked_5_summary.txt_2 | 11999 | 1.818740 | 0.896907 | 1.878160 | 0.9400000 |
| parent-courter_linked_5_summary.txt_3 | 11999 | 1.818740 | 0.911392 | 1.967590 | 1.1666700 |
| parent-courter_linked_5_summary.txt_4 | 11999 | 1.818740 | 0.901852 | 1.636550 | 0.7924530 |
Multiple morphs are maintained in 20 of the 20 replicates, and those morphs contain either a parent or a courter. However, 0 of those reps with variation actually crashed.
Supergenes
Courter trait
Frequency of the courter morph with supergenes (each color represents a different replicate)
Of the 20 replicates, 0 reached an equilibrium by 10000 generations.
| CourterFreq | CourterW | NonCourterW | |
|---|---|---|---|
| courter_supergene_1_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.03901 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_1_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 2.12473 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_1_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 2.06639 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_1_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 1.89905 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_2_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.04312 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_2_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 1.96267 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_2_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 2.05350 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_2_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 2.09244 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_3_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.00606 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_3_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 1.89714 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_3_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 1.90095 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_3_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 2.03061 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_4_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.02840 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_4_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 2.04918 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_4_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 1.98807 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_4_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 2.01613 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_5_summary.txt_1 | 1 | 2.05165 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_5_summary.txt_2 | 1 | 2.05579 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_5_summary.txt_3 | 1 | 2.03462 | 0 |
| courter_supergene_5_summary.txt_4 | 1 | 2.00403 | 0 |
Parental trait
All females nest with parental males, so the only way non-parental males reproduce is through sneaking. Parental males provide care that allows nests to have a 90% chance of survival. The female preference does not have a genetic basis and does not evolve.
Frequency of parent morph with supergenes (each color represents a different replicate)
| ParentFreq | ParentW | NonParentW | |
|---|---|---|---|
| parent_supergene_1_summary.txt_1 | 0.856833 | 1.71139 | 0.727273 |
| parent_supergene_1_summary.txt_2 | 0.889780 | 1.62838 | 0.763636 |
| parent_supergene_1_summary.txt_3 | 0.898635 | 1.59870 | 0.692308 |
| parent_supergene_1_summary.txt_4 | 0.880567 | 1.68506 | 0.796610 |
| parent_supergene_2_summary.txt_1 | 0.524950 | 1.49049 | 0.361345 |
| parent_supergene_2_summary.txt_2 | 0.519270 | 1.48828 | 0.443038 |
| parent_supergene_2_summary.txt_3 | 0.490982 | 1.51020 | 0.255906 |
| parent_supergene_2_summary.txt_4 | 0.500000 | 1.40769 | 0.330769 |
| parent_supergene_3_summary.txt_1 | 0.529897 | 1.33463 | 0.280702 |
| parent_supergene_3_summary.txt_2 | 0.542169 | 1.48519 | 0.280702 |
| parent_supergene_3_summary.txt_3 | 0.520000 | 1.38846 | 0.345833 |
| parent_supergene_3_summary.txt_4 | 0.511811 | 1.44231 | 0.237903 |
| parent_supergene_4_summary.txt_1 | 0.877510 | 1.66362 | 0.754098 |
| parent_supergene_4_summary.txt_2 | 0.868526 | 1.64908 | 0.666667 |
| parent_supergene_4_summary.txt_3 | 0.887029 | 1.73821 | 1.092590 |
| parent_supergene_4_summary.txt_4 | 0.896907 | 1.71724 | 1.280000 |
| parent_supergene_5_summary.txt_1 | 0.490196 | 1.44000 | 0.292308 |
| parent_supergene_5_summary.txt_2 | 0.545639 | 1.37546 | 0.348214 |
| parent_supergene_5_summary.txt_3 | 0.506173 | 1.68699 | 0.362500 |
| parent_supergene_5_summary.txt_4 | 0.548000 | 1.44891 | 0.389381 |
Variation was maintained in 20 of the 20. 0 of the 20 populations crashed, though. Of the 20 replicates, 20 reached an equilibrium by 10000 generations.
Courtship and Parental Traits
Females choose nests based on males’ courtship trait (they all only nest with courting males, and the female preference does not have a genetic basis and does not evolve), and then the survival of the nest depends on whether the courting male is also a parental male. If the chosen male is a parental male, the nest has a 90% chance of survival. Otherwise, it only has a 10% chance. Non-courters only reproduce through sneaking.
Frequency of the two morphs with linked QTLs (courter = green, parent = blue)
The different runs have different outcomes.
Let’s look at the morph frequencies.
Frequency of the 4 morphs in each rep with supergenes
In some of the runs the population crashed after few generations. This is obvious when looking at the the final frequencies in a table as well:
| Generation | CourterThresh | CourterFreq | CourterW | NonCourterW | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| parent-courter_supergene_1_summary.txt_1 | 11999 | -0.5236920 | 0.888158 | 1.987650 | 1.27451 |
| parent-courter_supergene_1_summary.txt_2 | 11999 | -0.5236920 | 0.950855 | 1.937080 | 2.47826 |
| parent-courter_supergene_1_summary.txt_3 | 11999 | -0.5236920 | 0.947808 | 1.768720 | 2.16000 |
| parent-courter_supergene_1_summary.txt_4 | 11999 | -0.5236920 | 0.929825 | 1.756810 | 1.36111 |
| parent-courter_supergene_2_summary.txt_1 | 11999 | 0.0188334 | 0.897872 | 1.973930 | 1.16667 |
| parent-courter_supergene_2_summary.txt_2 | 11999 | 0.0188334 | 0.916309 | 1.974240 | 1.89744 |
| parent-courter_supergene_2_summary.txt_3 | 11999 | 0.0188334 | 0.882353 | 1.905750 | 1.05172 |
| parent-courter_supergene_2_summary.txt_4 | 11999 | 0.0188334 | 0.904863 | 1.932240 | 1.48889 |
| parent-courter_supergene_3_summary.txt_1 | 11999 | 0.7234720 | 0.578125 | 0.317568 | 0.00000 |
| parent-courter_supergene_3_summary.txt_2 | 11999 | 0.7234720 | 0.583012 | 0.324503 | 0.00000 |
| parent-courter_supergene_3_summary.txt_3 | 11999 | 0.7234720 | 0.578035 | 0.366667 | 0.00000 |
| parent-courter_supergene_3_summary.txt_4 | 11999 | 0.7234720 | 0.582375 | 0.276316 | 0.00000 |
| parent-courter_supergene_4_summary.txt_1 | 183 | -0.4653770 | 1.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.00000 |
| parent-courter_supergene_4_summary.txt_2 | 183 | -0.4653770 | 0.622222 | 0.750000 | 0.00000 |
| parent-courter_supergene_4_summary.txt_3 | 183 | -0.4653770 | 0.514403 | 0.280000 | 0.00000 |
| parent-courter_supergene_4_summary.txt_4 | 183 | -0.4653770 | 0.588235 | 0.400000 | 0.00000 |
| parent-courter_supergene_5_summary.txt_1 | 11999 | 1.1960700 | 0.917778 | 2.118640 | 1.37838 |
| parent-courter_supergene_5_summary.txt_2 | 11999 | 1.1960700 | 0.934599 | 1.898420 | 1.41935 |
| parent-courter_supergene_5_summary.txt_3 | 11999 | 1.1960700 | 0.911885 | 1.885390 | 1.44186 |
| parent-courter_supergene_5_summary.txt_4 | 11999 | 1.1960700 | 0.934524 | 1.798300 | 1.48485 |
Multiple morphs are maintained in 20 of the 20 replicates, and those morphs contain either a parent or a courter. However, 4 of those reps with variation actually crashed.